Authentic Literacy Activities for Developing Comprehension and Writing free essay sample

The article portrays a two-year study that included 26-second grade and third grade educators and their understudies from school areas serving groups of low and center financial status. The motivation behind the investigation was to create students’ capacity to comprehend and compose instructive and procedural content. The examination found that instructors who included true proficiency exercises a greater amount of the time had understudies who demonstrated higher development in both understanding and composing. Scrutinize This article furnishes instructors with proof from research that expresses that progressively bona fide proficiency exercises are identified with more noteworthy development in the capacity to peruse and compose new classifications. The article offers an operational meaning of bona fide proficiency that assists instructors with making credible education exercises over the educational program. Additionally gave are thoughts and systems gathered from educators for instructors to bring bona fide perusing and composing into the study hall. To help educators in making legitimate learning open doors for understudies there is a genuineness rating sheet gave that utilizes a 3-guide scale toward rate how much the explanation of an instructive content being composed or perused in the homeroom mirror the real reason for an enlightening book. We will compose a custom article test on Bona fide Literacy Activities for Developing Comprehension and Writing or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Probably the best commitment is the different simple to do exercises accommodated credible perusing and composing made to execute real exercises in the study hall. The article misses the mark in that it doesn’t give tests of understudies work to show how fruitful legitimate exercises were in expanding understudies appreciation and composing abilities. Understudies voices, feelings were not heard. Is it true that they were worried about the exercises? Is it accurate to say that they were amped up for doing the exercises? Did they lean toward this sort of movement? Despite the fact that the article referenced the teacher’s considerations on student’s execution it didn't list the understudies. I still don’t know whether understudies felt these learning encounters expanded their understanding and composing abilities. The creators could give instances of understudies work and furthermore give proclamations from the understudies and instructors engaged with the examination. This will be proof that the examination even happened. Likewise the writers could furnish a type of diagram with an examination of understudies composing and perusing perception abilities when they entered the investigation. This will give reported proof that valid exercises fabricate cognizance and composing abilities. Examination Pedagogical Implications This article causes me to consider the significance of giving chances to understudies to encounter realness in their learning encounters. In the wake of perusing this article I am persuaded that there is a requirement for more examination to be done on small kids that gives educators more data about bona fide perusing and composing openings in the homeroom. Exploration in the field is for the most part finished with grown-ups leaving educators with data that may not be precise for a more youthful crowd. A good thought I will join into my work is getting associates to demand curios created by my understudies. This will make their learning experience exceptionally true in that they will create text that will be utilized outside of the study hall and may help in others learning. For instance one of the third grade educators requested that a partner go to her group and request that her understudies make enlightening writings about creatures that live in the downpour woodland for her first grade understudies. This experience gives my understudies and her understudies a chance to learn. The systems gave in this article to true exercises in science I will use over the educational plan. For instance I can have an educator request that my understudies make Haiku sonnets for her to use to assist her understudies with verse. Perhaps have the exercise center educator request that understudies make a nourishment pyramid to assist her with showing wellbeing training. In my examination report I will give proof of children’s development by demonstrating their advancement on when graphs. I will give tests of children’s fill in as proof that the exercises and systems gave truly work to improve understudies composing. It would be significant for me to know whether understudies themselves felt they were roused by the exercise. Likewise did understudies feel they gained from the movement.

FINANCIAL MARKETS AND MONETARY POLICY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Budgetary MARKETS AND MONETARY POLICY - Essay Example Structure of Interest Rates The association that happens in the midst of financing costs or the security yields and divergent terms or improvements. The word structure of financing costs can likewise be known as the yield bend and it shows a crucial part in the economy. The word structure reflects desires for commercial center participants’ practically future varieties in loan costs and their valuation of money related arrangement situations (Greenwood 2010). Yield bends in the UK from 01.01.2008â toâ 31.12.2012 As far as Macro Economic Analysis Partition is concerned, the Bank of England gauges the yield ebbs and flows for United Kingdom being on an everyday premise and are two sorts: the first, standard, is situated on yields on UK organization securities (gilts) and involves ostensible and genuine vintage bends and the expansion time frame structure. The subsequent one is established on (LIBOR) for example Interbank rates that are authentic; gains on instruments associate d with LIBOR, modest real possibilities, forward rate deals and LIBOR-based premium proportion trades. These productive bank obligation bends are insignificant solitary (Addison 1998). The administration commitment ostensible yield bends are additionally gotten from the UK overlaid costs and it offers a general Security (GC) repo rates. The genuine yield is replicated from or they are gotten from the UK list connected security esteems. In any case, by engaging the Fisher relationship , the diagonal expansion terms structure is along these lines placed in numbers and determined as the difference in quick ostensible frontward rates and fast genuine forward genuine rates (segment 2 clarifies precisely what these terms mean). The instruments utilized in the development of the business bank’s risk ebb and flow are first changed over into engineered bonds, and a comparative procedure is then used to trim the rewarding bank responsibility bend as is utilized in the ostensible reques t (Gurkaynak 2012). Presently, we are by methods for the repo rate utilizing asan defective intermediary for the riskless rate. In the way to deal with the year's end, or the yearly the spread in this manner broadens. This outcome is known called the ‘year-end turn’ and can be distinguished in various manners in different markets. Without the three months toward the finish of the past two years, the mediocre spread between the two rates has be that as it may, been around 35 premise focuses. Already we noticed that G Crapo (at any rate at two-weeks’ advancement) grades to be one-sided on the downwards contrasted with the Bank’s repo rate. So around 15 base realities of this meal are probably going to be identified with the liquidity and agreement contrasts thought: Bonds of Zero-coupon, so as to do the value calculation, along with the yield in order to extricate the current cost of any fixed coupon instrument. So as to figure the price’s yield, mark down rates and so forth. Civil, the treasury bills, existing bonds are used. To figure cost and degree callable bonds, office alternatives can be balanced. Changeless and coasting rates, the range, all are used in the calculation of aggregated loan fees and the range. The state of the yield was very predictable with the fundamental speculations of the term structure, on the grounds that

Program Assistant Introduction Steven Reid MIA 20 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Program Assistant Introduction Steven Reid MIA 20 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Steven Reid was born and raised in the Bronx, New York. He is a second-year Master of International Affairs student concentrating in International Finance and Economic Policy and specializing in Data Analytics and Quantitative Analysis. After graduating from Villanova University with a Bachelors degree in Political Science and Latin American Studies, he worked in government and higher education budgeting and finance in Boston, Massachusetts. What has been the most challenging part of your SIPA experience? The constant flow of activity and the time management. There is always something going around campus/assignments due/a speaker you want to see. It took some practice in the beginning of first semester before I got the hang of getting my work done, enjoying all there is to offer on campus and being social with my SIPA classmates. Another challenging aspect of SIPA has been understanding the need to say no sometimes. It is stressful and demanding to attend all the events you want to go to, do your assignments and be social, so sometimes its important to say no to certain things. Prioritize and take time for yourself. What has been the best part of your SIPA experience? Definitely the people. The demanding nature of SIPA brings people together very quickly. There is a lot of group work in SIPA so the connections you make are very important. I have met some of the coolest people in my life here, and I have gotten very close to them in only a year. The community here is a huge mental resource for me when I feel overwhelmed. What surprised you most about SIPA after you arrived? The speed of graduate school. Everything happens much faster than undergraduate. I had been out of school for 5 years before I came to SIPA, so the learning curve for graduate school was steep. Assignments are handed out quickly after class begins and the semester becomes a whirlwind of papers, memos, problem sets and other assignments. The months fly by. At the end of the semester, I was surprised at how much work I had done in three months. How did you find the core curriculum at SIPA? Its intense. It is a lot of quant-heavy coursework. For the person who has not dealt with a lot of quant and economics courses before, it can be daunting. But the professors and TAs provide a lot of support.   I knew that quant and econ were going to take up a lot of my time the first semester, so I focused most on those two classes. I was lucky that my prior experience to SIPA dealt with a lot of math and econ, so I was already kind of comfortable with those topics. What advice do you have for current applicants? Dont worry about trying to be the perfect student profile for SIPA. SIPA is very interested in individuals who have unique stories and histories. Just tell your story. Spend a lot of time on your application as well. SIPA wants to get to know who you are, so the more time you put into your application, the more detail you can give and the better picture SIPA has of you. What was the most challenging aspect of the application process? The GRE. I didnt have the best GRE scores so I thought that I definitely was not getting accepted into SIPA, but lo and behold, I did. Test scores are just one part of the application, so do not worry too much if you didnt do the best on them. Did you have a lot of quantitative experience when you applied to SIPA? How did you perform in  those classes? I had taken economics courses during undergrad   so I had some understanding of what we were going to be studying. I had some level of comfort with quantitative subject matter having had worked in the budgeting and finance fields. Even with my experience, the classes were still tough. But I studied hard, asked for help from my professors and TAs and did fine in the quantitative courses.

12 Pictures of Invertebrates

Syrian Refugee Crisis An Violation Of Human Rights

Many Syrians are leaving their country because they’re being tortured and are being attacked for no reason by the Islamist militant group that has seized a chunk of land stretching from northern Syria to central Iraq this group is called ISIS. Non-state armed groups opposing the government have carried out abuses like deliberate attacks on civilians, kidnapping, and torture in detention. Syrian refugee crisis is a violation of human rights because it defies multiple guaranteed rights from the UN Declaration of Human Rights, including articles 5,6, and 9. These articles have been violated because human beings are being tortured in Syria because of their religion, they are not seen as human beings by ISIS, and they are kept in detention†¦show more content†¦Many people didn’t like President Assad, they didn’t like how he ran his country. All this chaos started when many people started to not like the injustice that was starting to happen. Eventually, oppos ition supporters began to speak up and everything started to escalate into a civil war. â€Å"Opposition supporters began to take up arms, first to defend themselves and later to expel security forces from their local areas.†(bbc.com). â€Å"Violence escalated and the country descended into civil war as rebel brigades were formed to battle government forces to control of cities, towns, and the countryside. The fighting reached the capital Damascus and the second Damascus and the second city of Aleppo in 2012.† (bbc.com). Violence started and because of all the violence the country went into a civil war. Rebel brigades started to form to battle government forces to control. Everything started to escalate quickly and the country all of a sudden got into a civil war. All this chaos caused many people to lose their lives and to be tortured. Both sides of the conflict have committed war crimes. Like murder, torture, rape and enforced disappearances. (bbc.com). â€Å"By June 2013, the UN said that 90,000 people have been killed in the conflict. By August 2014 it doubled to 191,000 and continued to grow to 250,00 by August 2015.† (bbc.com). Many people have lost their lives and it’s onlyShow MoreRelatedThe Syria Refugee Crisis Affecting My Country, Lebanon955 Words   |  4 Pagesit is with enormous responsibility that I stand here today to make sound voice to the global community concerning the Syria refugee crisis affecting my country, Lebanon. Mr. President, The responsibility to protect and to uphold the rights of the refugee population does not only lie with Lebanon. The international presence and support in the country and to the actual refugee issue should increase dramatically. It should become part of a global political agenda and the international political structureRead MoreThe Syrian Refugee Crisis Has Received Massive Media Coverage854 Words   |  4 PagesThe Syrian refugee crisis has received massive media coverage. People around the world are trying to comprehend the desperate, complicated situation surrounding Syria. The civil war in Syria is the worst crisis in our time. Syrians upset at the fact that long promised reforms have not been enacted, began anti-government demonstrations which started the civil war in 2011. The peaceful protests turned ugly, with the government violently putting an end to those protests. Afterward, ordinary citizensRead MoreRefugee Crisis Is The Country Of Hopes And Dreams1232 Words   |  5 Pagescountry great. For example, we have freedom, rights, equality, and having the nickname â€Å"Melting Pot.† Over many centuries, America has accepted immigrants and refugees of multiple nationalities and backgrounds to live up to their famous nickname. However; why should we stop accepting refugees now? Even though many Americans assume accepting refugees will ruin our country, we should accept Syrian refugees into the United States because the Refugee Crisis is a serious problem, accepting refugees isRead MoreA Brief Note On The Syrian Refugee Crisis1573 Words   |  7 Pagesresponse: â€Å"Aleppo? And what is Aleppo?† I wanna talk about the Syrian refugee crisis going on around the world but lets begin with an old saying by Joseph Stalin. â€Å"When one man dies that’s a tragedy, when thousands die that’s a statistic.† Large numbers can feel cold and distant and even kind of comforting because they don t feel like people, and I think that’s the reason much of the world was able to ignore the years old Syrian refugee crisis until recently. But then after thousands of refugees diedRead MoreSyrian Children And Education : Addressing The Tcc Community994 Words   |  4 PagesSyrian Children and Education: Addressing the TCC Community UNHCR High Commissioner Antonio Guterres warns â€Å"Abandoning refugees to hopelessness only exposes them to even greater suffering, exploitation and dangerous abuse†. After the refugees flee Syria, they are left with limited necessities and resources. Most refugees have no food to give to their families, no clean water, and the Syrian children suffer from health problems and are out of school. UNICEF USA pointed out, â€Å"Prior to the conflictRead MoreThe Conflict Of Syrian Refugees, Hosting Countries And International Organizations Essay1792 Words   |  8 Pagesout his dream, his reality is hearing that his school was bombed just before his arrival to a refugee camp in Jordan (UNHCR). Hamsa and other children make up 3 quarters out of the 7.5 million Syrians that have been internally displaced or become refugees due to the country’s current conflict (Jones and Shaheen). Although we can never fully fathom the obstacles and position of loss faced by so many Syrians, we can try to better understand one of the worst humanitarian disasters of our time. By recognizingRead MoreSyrian Activists Main Goals1829 Words   |  8 PagesSyrian act ivists’ main goal from these talks was always about the formation of a transitional government enjoying full executive powers, without Assad in the picture; while, naming the members of this transitional governing body and the immediate start of performing its functions; followed by a ceasefire throughout the nation. These goals were, more or less, achieved through the passing of the France-US document; that included the point of cessation of hostilities among the warring parties and theRead MoreThe Syrian Civil War1497 Words   |  6 PagesOver the course of less than five years, the Syrian civil war has caused the displacement of over 10 million people of this nation. The rise of ISIS in conjunction with a corrupt government has left millions of men, women, and children without a country to call their home, and the branding of refugee status. Within the international system, sovereign nations have a responsibility to provide for these persons under the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (Cherem 2015). While this expectationRead MoreThe Immigration Problem Of Immigration1735 Words   |  7 Pagesdistinction between criminal law and immigration law has become increasingly blurred. In many jurisdictions around the world, undocumented immigration was long considered a civil offence in which violation resulted in fines and deportation. Now, however, illegal crossings are often treated as criminal violations carrying overly punitive consequences such as incarceration in harsh detention centers. The ever-evolving assortment of laws and enforcement measures concerning immigration, as well as negativeRead MoreTaking a Look at the Syrian Crisis723 Words   |  3 PagesIn Syria, the relatively conservative, patriarchal and politically repressive pre-war society posed limitations on women’s rights movements and for advocacy of greater political freedoms, social justice, non-discrimination and gender equality. Although, Syria arguably grants g reater rights to women than most other countries in the middle east, discrimination against women is clearly found in its laws relating to women’s personal status and role in the family, including issues related to marriage

Non governmental organizations Free Essays

Non-government organizations are organizations that are not controlled by government and are non profit making. Their purpose is to provide a service or object in which they are formed for they offer social welfare services to workers and communities in which they operate they play a major role in the society because they determine family structures, family relation and also the education system that would produce effective man power for them and others. NGO, s has control over political power nationality and even power over borders. We will write a custom essay sample on Non governmental organizations or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Steve. Witt. (2005) They also contribute to the needs of the poor, deals with issues of the religion in a given area and hence impact heavily on the attitude and values that a given community adapts to. NGO, s helps in the contribution of the humanitarian affairs that serve the communities interests. NGO, s also deals with national and multilateral policy making and even local actions, .NGO, s provides employment to the citizens and assist in matters of dividing international authority, help to research, assess, report and publicize details on behalf of those accountable to them. (K.Rodman, (1998). They also deal with stability and security issues. Most non-government doesn’t depend heavily on the government for funding but the government may assist them partially with funds. They thus do not involve government representative within their organization and they also don’t involve them in their decision making process. AREAS OF INEFFECTIVENESS, UNACCOUTABILITY AND   Ã‚  Ã‚   ELITIST NATURE OF NGO, S Non-governmental organizations are supposed to be effective on their objectives and also accountable to those they serve. However, this non government organization have increasingly failed by being unaccountable to those they are supposed to work for, they have continually been ineffective in their performance and they have adapted to elitist nature whereby they segregate themselves from others and only work for their own selfish interest and for the interest of those whose status they consider important to their affairs and has influential power that makes them be treated preferentially this attitude can be termed as a mechanism of elite capture. (Steve. Witt. (2005) â™ « The ineffectiveness, the unaccountability and the elitist nature of NGO, s is evident among much renowned organization and this can be seen to be true when one assesses their performance with regard to the current debate on good governance and civil society. (K.Rodman, (1998). Roles of good governance The current debate on good governance and civil society emphasizes on peace building, democratization, quality leadership, responsibility and proper civil institutions. NGO, s should assist in helping in peace building in countries in which they are situated, they should be involved in the resolving existing issues in the country for example by  Ã‚   helping to find solutions to a countries conflicting issues when they arise, mediating disputing groups when there are ethnic tensions caused by political instability, coming up with measures that will reduce tribalism, nepotism and corruption, help in recovering the economy when the country is experiencing economic depression, assisting the needy   in their surrounding environment for example when natural disaster arise such as flood, earthquake ,terrorist attacks among others, Stabilizing political turmoil being experienced in that particular country and many other issues. (K.Rodman, (1998). However, the current non-government organization do not engage themselves with this issues on the contrary instead of doing this, the NGO, s have left this in the ruin of government and civil societies. Non-governmental organizations have also in some instances contributed to peace downfall by supporting one side of the worrying groups rather than being neutral. They tend to favor that group that have influential power and assumes those who are less powerful. This has made them to be unaccountable and untrustworthy and cannot be depended upon by both the government and the members of the societies who would have otherwise depended on them. The management allows political influences when making decisions which imposes a negative impact to all the organization stakeholders and employees who oppose the decision on the basis that they are not consulted and. this causes conflicts, lots of job turn over, redundancy and withdrawal and this leads to job inefficiency. (K.Rodman, (1998). They have been ineffective with regards to matters of enhancing democratization. This is because they have indulged in politics funding complains and supporting certain politicians who have influence upon them and this has contributed heavily in the reduction of democracy as they do not play their role as pressure group to pressurize the government to observe democracy. Non governmental organization have also been ineffective to help in matters of maturation of nation’s policy and economy other than participating in development and transformations, this organizations involve in the achievement of their own interest that is; what will benefit them other than what will be beneficial to all who are accountable to them, they pursue their own goals without incorporating the objectives of government and civil societies and this leads to lack of goals commonality hence retarding the government policies such as poverty and illiteracy eradication. Leadership Leadership and quality management are important for any country or institution to have good governance. Non governmental organization are poorly managed because of lack of qualified staff because the recruitment of workforce is based not on technical competence and merit, but on favoritism and thus the management have no proper management skills, the employees under such management thus work with a lot of skepticism and heavy opposition and most of them resist changes and all the rules that the management enforces and this leads to difficulties in implementation of proper practices, policies and procedures that are fundamental in developing strategies that ensures that organizations objectives are met. (K.Rodman, (1998). This also has led to poor selection of policies and allocation of resources. The leadership style in current non-governmental organization is that of authoritative and bureaucratic which ignores human elements due to impersonality of interpersonal relations. This style of leadership imposes rules, norms and procedures to be followed. The leaders make decisions and demands everyone to follow, they do not allow the other members of staff to be involved when making decisions and they harshly react when the rules they enforces are not properly followed this causes slow development, work delays, inefficiency and frustrations to citizens, employees and any other stakeholders and this reduces the effectiveness of NGO, s as a whole. (Carrie Meyer, (1999), Corruption eradication is a key issue in good governance especially in Africa. . NGO, s are faced with issues of corruption where they demands bribery to assist in matters they were supposed to deliver to the citizens without demanding any form of payment and this makes them unaccountable to those who rightfully depended on their services. (sH.Englund, (2004) There’s also a lot of misappropriation of funds and lack of proper fund management. This causes inadequate funding leading to shortage of resources to implement their policies and this can also eventually lead to the liquidation of the organization. When organization funds are mismanaged it causes serious implications, which makes the organization unaccountable and inefficient, which leads them to a step back to transparency and accountability. This vice has passed on to civil societies and government at large. Environmental issues NGO, s engages in activities that are harmful to the surrounding environment. This is by social unethical and unaccountable activities. For example, they may engage in activities that involves emissions of exhaustive gases that pollute the environment or even have technological machinery that produce disturbing noises around the environment they are situated in. They often do not take   proper measures and responsibility   to eradicate this implication arguing that since they are a non profit making organizations, members of the communities should take care of their environment and the fact that they are in needs of the organizations   services   they should allow them to deliver them respectfully without dealing with environmental issues. This causes negative impacts to the community and it has hampered the life of the society and animals especially where there is water and air pollution. They can be termed as negligence of the virtue of accountability to the society.( K.Rodman, (1998). NGO, s has turned into a mechanism of elite capture. They tend to involve only the elite in formulation of their policies. (H.Englund, (2004) There is lack of representation of civil society as a whole and the marginalized social movements are sidelined. Regional consultative of African non-governmental organizations, s and civil society organization lay foundation for the governance forum stressed on role of women in leadership. It has been observed that there is evident gender inequality within these organizations. Few non government organizations in Africa have observed this as few women are employed or hold decision making positions in management of NGO, s. the elites in NGO, s have various skills that they can utilize in government running but they are trapped in the NGO, s. in addition, instead of involving the locals to do various jobs they subcontract them. (Carrie Meyer, (1999), NGO, s has been ineffective because of selective area of operations. They concentrate in certain areas than the others. This makes those sidelined areas not to enjoy their operations. The NGO, s may not operate in certain areas that have poor infrastructure, lack of effective communications and lack of technology. This has led to unequal distribution of resources. The NGO, s have not helped in establishment of proper running civil institutions and instead they leave this role to the government   Conclusion In order to ensures that non-governmental organizations work effectively and successfully there is need to ensure that there is interactions of workers, formal and informal groups, government itself and any other influential factors to the organization. Democratic involvement by this organization should be considered as it is equally and critically important in enhancing the effectiveness of this organization. (Carrie Meyer, (1999),   They should be committed to implement their services to all interested stakeholders successfully. They should also avoid favoritism and avoid authoritative leadership and adapt to other ways of leading that will bring about motivation and morale of workers in the organization. Non governmental organizations should also ensure that they take responsibility and take the necessary actions required of them when their activities imposes harm to the surrounding environment. (Steve. Witt. (2005) They should also ensure that all non-governmental organizations are effective, efficient and accountable and are not expressed as mechanism of elitist capture. References: l   Steve. Witt. (2005). Changing roles of NGO, s in the creation. l   Sangeeta Kamat. (2002), development hegemony, American university press l   Carrie Meyer, (1999), The economics and politics of NGO, s in Latin American; praeger publisher. l   Maha abreirahman, (2004), the politics of NGO, s in Egypt; the American university press 5H.Teegen(2003) international NGO, s as global institution; Journals of international management l   K.Rodman, (1998). Think globally; vol 12 l   Daniel .a. Bell and Jean Marc (2004) university press l   H.Englund, (2004), prisoners of freedom; human rights and Africa poor. l   S, Goonahlak, (2006). Journal, foreign funded l   Lyal.s.Sunga, (2003), NGO, s involvement in international human rights monitoring How to cite Non governmental organizations, Essay examples

It doesnt need any changes free essay sample

I got a 90 on this essay it doesnt need any changes unless you want to add more. It is about positive influence by a person on my life By Diamondback For the past eighteen years that I have walked this earth, the most influential person in my life has been my mother. Although the passing of my father deeply affected her, she was still able to persevere and raise me and my siblings to think and act Like responsible young men and women. She motivated me to make something more of myself than to sit and become waste on a street corner.My mother played an important role in my life and has always been a positive factor in me growing up. My mother is my mentor and my friend; these two qualities make her more than a mother. She Is like my guardian angel, always watching every move and keeping me on the right track. We will write a custom essay sample on It doesnt need any changes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My mother Is a strong woman and she holds well for a single mother. But, the days that she has to struggle are the days I have to stand up and help her by lifting some of the burdens off her shoulders.My mother has taught me how to not only overcome the death of my father, but also owe to overcome some of the hardships that will affect my life in the future. Being the eldest male In my home, she helps me realize that my brothers look to me for guidance. By emulating her leadership, I often take on some of her roles, such as helping my younger siblings in their schoolwork and leading them away from negativisms in their surrounding environment. She sees many great things in me that, at times, are not so obvious to me. She constantly tells me to become something great in life to make her and my dads spirit proud. This encourages me to strive for the best of my abilities. I reflect back to the day of my high school graduation when my mother approached me and told me, Its time. It was weird because it was like a time bomb went off inside of me. I got up and I knew what I had to do. It was time to use the skills she equipped me with and finally become a young man. I wanted to get into college and I wanted to eliminate all my weaknesses and turn them into my strengths, and all of my threats Into opportunities. In the future, I see myself taking the reins as patriarch of my family. I believe with my mothers guidance I have the necessary tools to stand against almost anything; she has trained me well. I have overcome deaths, and many more personal struggles. I believe I have what it takes to make it through college because of my angel.

Hamlet Essays - Characters In Hamlet, Prince Hamlet, King Claudius

Hamlet In the first three acts of the play Hamlet, King Claudius go through a subtle, but defined change in character. Claudius role in the play begins as the newly corrinated king of Denmark. The former king, King Hamlet, was poisoned by his brother, Claudius, while he was asleep. Claudius, however, made it known to everyone that the king died of a snakebite in the garden, and thus no one knew of the murder that had just taken place making his murder the perfect crime. The only problem that Claudius must deal with now is his conscience. After Claudius commits the deed of killing King Hamlet, he almost immediately marries Hamlet's wife, Queen Gertrude. Claudius also gains a new son, his former nephew Hamlet, the son of King Hamlet. Young Hamlet is very displeased with his mother's hasty marriage of Claudius and is angered by this incest. Hamlet has a deep attraction for his mother which goes beyond the traditional, mother-son relationship. At this point in the play, Hamlet does not know that Claudius has murdered his father, but he dislikes him anyway. Claudius is not a bad king, which is demonstrated by his handling of the situation between Young Fortinbras and Denmark, but he is not extremely popular with the people and has brought back the obnoxious custom of firing the cannons whenever the king takes a drink. Claudius' conscience, here is non-existent. After the ghost of the dead King Hamlet tells Hamlet to avenge his murder, Hamlet has a reason to truly hate Claudius. From this point on in the play, there is definitely friction between the two. When Claudius offers Hamlet the throne after he dies, Hamlet acts apathetic as if the rule of Denmark was, but a mere trifle. Hamlet enters a deep depression which the king and others, see as madness. First they think that Hamlet is lovesick over Polonius' daughter, Ophelia, but after the king spies on Hamlet and Ophelia in conversation, he comes to the conclusion that Hamlet is mad, a threat to his rule, and must be sent to England to be executed. This is a sign of the king's uneasiness over the mettle of Hamlet's anger which is directed towards him. The last thing that Claudius wants is for Hamlet to be unhappy with him, in fear that Hamlet will overthrow him, discover the murder, or possibly kill him. The king becomes increasingly nervous as time passes, making him a bit paranoid over Hamlet. By the beginning of Act III, Hamlet is almost ready to kill Claudius, but he still needs more proof that Claudius killed his father, and he also wants to put off the murder because he is a bit of a coward. Claudius is beginning to lose his composure. Hamlet decides to set a trap for him in the form of a play. The subject of the play is the murder of a king by his brother who, in turn, marries the king's wife. The plot of the play is strikingly similar to the circumstances of King Hamlet's murder, which strikes a disharmonious chord in the conscience of Claudius. In the middle of the play during the murder scene, Claudius gets up and begs for the play to stop so that he can get some air. Hamlet is very angered by this because it confirms that Claudius did kill his father. Later that night, Claudius prays to god to forgive him for his sins, but he is not ready to give up his new crown and his new wife. Guilt has begun to cloud over Claudius' thoughts, and it will indeed drive him to the brink of insanity and beyond. Hamlet spies Claudius, praying with his back turned and on his knees, but he passes up the opportunity to kill the monarch with the excuse of not wanting to accidentally send Claudius to Heaven. The development of Claudius' guilt is a gradual transformation. This metamorphosis will come to a head later in the play. The guilt though, has already begun to affect the actions of Claudius in his everyday life, by transforming a normal night out to the theater into a devastating insight into his own life. Hamlet, although he

Sources of Titles Drawn from Shakespeare

Sources of Titles Drawn from Shakespeare Sources of Titles Drawn from Shakespeare Sources of Titles Drawn from Shakespeare By Maeve Maddox Today is April 23. HAPPY BIRTHDAY, SHAKESPEARE! Here are the sources of the titles given in yesterdays post. 1. The Moon Is Down, John Steinbeck BANQUO: How goes the night, boy? FLEANCE: The moon is down. I have not heard the clock. Macbeth, II.i The remark adds to a sense of evil foreboding; Macbeth is on his way to murder Duncan. 2. Gaudy Night, Dorothy Sayers ANTONY: †¦Come, Lets have one other gaudy night: call to me All my sad captains; fill our bowls once more; Lets mock the midnight bell. Antony and Cleopatra, III.xiii Antony is speaking to Cleopatra. Their end is nigh, but theyre going to party. 3. Under the Greenwood Tree, Thomas Hardy AMIENS: Under the greenwood tree Who loves to lie with me, And turn his merry note Unto the sweet birds throat, Come hither, come hither, come hither: Here shall he see No enemy But winter and rough weather. As You Like It, II.v Jaques and the other forest dwellers listen to Amiens sing about their idyllic life. 4. And Be a Villain, Rex Stout HAMLET: O villain, villain, smiling, damnà ¨d villain! My tablesmeet it is I set it down That one may smile, and smile, and be a villain At least I am sure it may be so in Denmark. Hamlet, I.v Hamlet is talking about his uncle/stepfather Claudius, the murderer of his father. 5. Something Wicked This Way Comes. Ray Bradbury SECOND WITCH: By the pricking of my thumbs, Something wicked this way comes. [Knocking] Open locks, Whoever knocks! [Enter Macbeth] Macbeth, IV, i This is the second scene with the witches. The first time, they accosted Macbeth. This time he is seeking them out. He has begun the downward path into evil. 6. Pale Fire, Vladimir Nabokov TIMON: The suns a thief, and with his great attraction Robs the vast sea: the moons an arrant thief And her pale fire she snatches from the sun. Timon of Athens IV, iii Misanthrope Timon is discoursing on his view that everyones a crook. Nabokovs story is about the creative fire of the poet. An echo of the pale fire from the Timon of Athens quotation is in a line spoken by the ghost of Hamlets father. Morning is approaching and he must return to Purgatory: GHOST: Fare thee well at once! The glow-worm shows the matin to be near, And gins to pale his uneffectual fire: Adieu, adieu! Hamlet, remember me. [Exit] Hamlet, I,v 7. Band of Brothers, Stephen Ambrose HENRY V: This story [of Agincourt] shall the good man teach his son; And Crispin Crispian shall neer go by, From this day to the ending of the world, But we in it shall be rememberd; We few, we happy few, we band of brothers Henry V, IV.iii Henry is giving his discouraged men a pep talk before a last desperate assault on the French. 8. The Dogs of War, Frederick Forsyth ANTONY: And Caesars spirit, ranging for revenge, With Ate by his side come hot from hell, Shall in these confines with a monarchs voice Cry Havoc, and let slip the dogs of war Julius Caesar, III.i Antony, speaking at Caesars funeral, desires to stir up the populace against the assassins. After describing the horrors of civil war, he depicts the ghost of Julius Caesar leading the attack. 9. There is a Tide, Agatha Christie CASSIUS: There is a tide in the affairs of men, Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune; Omitted, all the voyage of their life Is bound in shallows and in miseries. On such a full sea re we now afloat; And we must take the current when it serves, Or lose our ventures. Julius Caesar, IV, iii Cassius is trying to persuade Brutus that they must fight at Philippi. 10. By the Pricking of My Thumbs, Agatha Chrstie See Number 5 above. 11. Not in Our Stars, M. M. Marshall CASSIUS: The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, But in ourselves, that we are underlings. Julius Caesar, I,ii Cassius is urging Brutus to act against Julius Caesar. 12. Chimes at Midnight, Terence White SHALLOW: Ha, cousin Silence, that thou hadst seen that that this knight and I have seen! Ha, Sir John, said I well? FALSTAFF: We have heard the chimes at midnight, Master Shallow. Henry IV part 2, III,ii Falstaff and Shallow, in the company of Silence, are reminiscing about their youth. Only rowdies and people up to no good would have stayed out late enough to hear the clock strike midnight. 13. The Mousetrap, Agatha Christie CLAUDIUS: Have you heard the argument? Is there no offence in t? HAMLET: No, no, they do but jest, poison in jest; no offence i the world. CLAUDIUS: What do you call the play? HAMLET: The Mouse-trap. Hamlet, III, ii Hamlet has hired actors to present a play with which he hopes to catch the conscience of the king. Uncomfortable as the play proceeds, Claudius asks Hamlet for more information. 14. Twice-Told Tales, Nathaniel Hawthorne LEWIS (Louis, Dauphin of France)†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã‚  Theres nothing in this world can make me joy: †¨Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Life is as tedious as a twice-told tale †¨Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Vexing the dull ear of a drowsy man; †¨Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And bitter shame hath spoild the sweet worlds taste †¨Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That it yields nought but shame and bitterness. King John, III,iv Lewis is depressed because the fortunes of war have turned against France. His meaning is that a twice-told tale is boring and tedious. Hawthorne and other writers used twice-told tales in another sense: old stories retold for modern readers. 15. A Muse of Fire, A.D. Harvey PROLOGUE: O for a Muse of fire, that would ascend The brightest heaven of invention, A kingdom for a stage, princes to act And monarchs to behold the swelling scene! Then should the warlike Harry, like himself, Assume the port of Mars and at his heels, Leashd in like hounds, should famine, sword and fire Crouch for employment†¦ †¦can this cockpit hold The vasty fields of France? or may we cram Within this wooden O the very casques That did affright the air at Agincourt? Henry V, Prologue Kenneth Branagh opens his film version of the play with an actor declaiming these lines on an Elizabethan stage. Then the scene opens out into the vasty fields of France and the realistic action that movies excel in. Shakespeare had to do it all with words and a few stage props. 16. Strange Snow, Steve Metcalfe PHILOSTRATE [reading]: A tedious brief scene of young Pyramus and his love Thisbe; very tragical mirth. THESEUS: Merry and tragical! Tedious and brief! That is, hot ice and wondrous strange snow. How shall we find the concord of this discord? Midsummer Nights Dream, V, i Theseus is reacting to the comical, contradictory description of the play of Pyramus and Thisbe offered as wedding entertainment by Bottom the weaver and the other mechanicals. 17. Walk the Night, Robert C. Reinhart GHOST: I am thy fathers spirit, Doomd for a certain term to walk the night, And for the day confined to fast in fires, Till the foul crimes done in my days of nature Are burnt and purged away. Hamlet, I,v 18. A Plague on Both Your Houses. Robert. W. Whitaker MERCUTIO: I am hurt. A plague o both your houses! I am sped. Is he gone, and hath nothing? Romeo and Juliet, III, i Romeos friend Mercutio has been in a fight with Tybalt, a Capulet. Tybalt has escaped without a scratch, but Mercutio is fatally wounded. With his dying breath he curses the senseless hostility between the Montagues and the Capulets that has ended his life. 19. The Sound and the Fury, William Faulkner MACBETH: To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day To the last syllable of recorded time, And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Lifes but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more: it is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. Macbeth V,v Macbeth has come to the end of the road. Lady Macbeth is dead, and MacDuff is at the gates of Dunsinane Castle. All his scheming and criminal behavior amount to a pile of ashes. 20. Dagger of the Mind, Star Trek episode MACBETH: Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee. I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal vision*, sensible To feeling as to sight? or art thou but A dagger of the mind, a false creation, Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain? Macbeth, II,i Macbeth is on his way to murder King Duncan. Hes hallucinating because of the guilt he feels. *Fatal Vision, true crime book by Joe McGiniss; Fatal Vision, TV miniseries starring Karl Malden Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†What is the Difference Between Metaphor and Simile?May Have vs. Might Have

Theories of Development Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theories of Development - Term Paper Example In this paper, I will argue that neo liberalism supports growth and promotes efficiency. This paper will include arguments regarding how neo liberalism has a positive effect on economic development. The paper will begin with introduction of neo liberalism. After that arguments in favor of neo liberalism will be discussed. In the end arguments against neo liberalism will be discussed and refuted. Neo Liberalism became popular in the later periods of 20th century. This school of thought became famous at a time when Keynesianism was declining in popularity. Also the notion of free market and private enterprise became the reason of popularity of neo liberalism all over the world. The growth of private enterprises, alongside with growth of capitalism paved the way for the acceptance of neo liberalism. This particular school of thought was in line with the overall spirit of capitalism and denied governmental intervention in the market. The deregulation that neo liberalism advocated also had cultural affects and therefore this school of thought became famous among economists all over the world. Neo liberalism questioned the utility of government intervention in the economy and therefore advocated free markets and free enterprises. Government intervention assumes that government knows everything about the market and is able to make the best possible decision. This assumption was questioned by neo liberalist economists. They argued that the role of government is not in the best interests of the economy and therefore government should let the markets decide about their course of action. Also on the issue of employment determination, neo liberalist argued that market forces were in a better position to make efficient decisions than government. This is how neo liberalism discourages the role of government in a particular economy. Neo liberal economic theory was attractive for the world because of the freedom it offered to both individuals and

Gandhi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gandhi - Essay Example Capitalism has generated desires that were non-existent by means of promoting luxuries and comforts into necessities. Gandhi’s denunciation of capitalism is based on a profound revulsion of a system where profit is allowed to degrade human labor, where the machines are valued more than human beings, where mechanization is preferred to humanism. Gandhi is against this basic philosophy of modern society. He finds two objectionable and unethical principles at its very foundation: - ‘might is right’ & ‘survival of the fittest’. The first justified the politics of power as propounded earlier by Machiaveli; the second propagated the economics of self-interest as proposed by Mercantilists and later by Adam Smith. The ‘Mahatma’ was not, as commonly perceived, totally against modern civilization. He saw great merit in the organizational and democratic systems of modernism. He was also much taken with the modern doctrines of human equality and human rights. Gandhi felt the apparent benefits of modernism were of a vastly dubious nature. For example modern medicine created patterns of addiction which were highly abnormal and modern transportation, far from making life simpler, in reality helped to spread disease. Wisdom, that should have benefited mankind, had been relegated to information & scientific knowledge in quest of power and decency, equ ­ated with liberal self-interest, had become a form of caution. Gandhi was not in opposition to technology per se but to technologism, which was a circumstance that created a hierarchical connection between man (those possessing technology) and man (those who do not), and man and nature. Gandhi claimed that he had no design on technology as such and had no intent to put back the hand of the clock of evolution. No disorder had been created by technology that could not be corrected. It was a psychological state that had to be put right.2 He believed in the model of economic self-

The Writing Strategy Brainstorming English Language Essay

The Writing Strategy Brainstorming English Language Essay Brainstorming is a creative problem solving method developed by Alex F. Osborn. It is a tool used to promote ideas created in groups rather and individually. Brainstorming was created by Osborn to allow his company to develop creative ideas as a group since they were struggling to meet this goal individually. Brainstorming has been successful when applied in different environment settings such as in the field of business, government, industries, and in education. Brainstorming can be used to express ideas on issues to engage in, create possible solutions for problems, and offer a variety of approaches to use, or opinions on actions to take. We use brainstorming in the classroom to stimulate ideas on topics for writing, reading, problem solving in math, science, and social studies. Brainstorming in education can start as early as Kindergarten. Not only does brainstorming offer a variety of opinions and ideas from the students, but it also improves the peer interaction in the classroom . Students communicate with each other, give their thoughts and opinions on broad categories, and work together to problem solve. Brainstorming can be used in small groups, and as a whole class group to combine ideas and create list based on everybodys suggestions. Small group interaction has long been cited as an effective teaching technique. This interaction is of importance because the pupil has the opportunity to become actively involved in the process of learning. (Wood, 2001) Brainstorming can be used throughout all the academic subjects in school, but it is crucial when used in writing. It is a strategy that can be used in the planning stage of writing. In the planning stage students begin to organize their thoughts. Class discussions such as brainstorming together can establish the topic, type, purpose, and audience of the composition. Rodriques states that prewriting activities, including group brainstorming, are the most important part of the writing process. (Rodriques, 1 983) There are two ways for people to communicate with each other by writing and speaking. Writing allows students to express their feelings and thoughts as well as to communicate with one another. Writing skills are essential for students to develop and brainstorming assists students in writing. Brainstorming is highly recommended to allow students to create list of ideas and topics they can use to write. Brainstorming facilitates the writing process and prevents writing blockage. Many time students have difficulties in writing because they havent established topics or ideas, by brainstorming together the students come up with ideas they can build on when writing. Brainstorming is a very beneficial strategy since it can help a team encourage creativity, rapidly produces a large number of ideas, equalize involvement of all the team members, and foster a sense of ownership. Several studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of brainstorming when writing. One study created by Orson concluded that a group using brainstorming produced 44% more useful ideas than individuals thinking up suggestions without the benefit of group discussion. A review of brainstorming research was conducted and it concluded that 16 studies found support for the productivity of brainstorming versus contributing ideas individually. (Isaksen, 1998) The overall outcome of the Isaken review determined that based on the studies compiled brainstorming groups produced more ideas than individuals working alone. A study conducted by Troaia and Graham examined the effectiveness of planning strategies for writing in fourth and fifth graders with learning disabilities. Twenty fourth and fifth grade students with learning disabilities from two suburban elementary schools in Atlanta participated in this study. The participants were divided into the experimental treatment group and th e comparative treatment group. The experimental treatment group received advance planning strategy instruction of goal setting, brainstorming, and organizing. The comparative treatment group received a modified version of process writing instruction. This approach is compatible with the process writing instruction that students regularly receive in the classroom. The study showed that the students who received more time planning stories and brainstorming ideas before writing, produced stories that were qualitatively better. A month after the instruction had ended students who were taught the planning strategies maintained their advantage in story quality, but also produced longer stories than those produced by their peers who were just taught the writing process. The results tell me that teachers need to promote brainstorming during the planning stage of the writing process. Teachers need to teach students the rules of brainstorming by providing constant modeling, plenty of opportunities to practice brainstorming, and scaffolding. Teachers need to provide students with explicit directions on how to use the brainstorming process. It is very important that teachers not only teach students how to brainstorm together, but also teach them the guidelines for an effective brainstorming session. Teachers need to emphasize that judgment of ideas is not allowed, eccentric ideas are encouraged, a large quantity of ideas is preferred, and students should build on one anothers ideas. Being a first grade teacher I know the importance of building the students writing skills early and preparing them for the future. I have seen many teachers in many grades not promoting writing as much as other subjects. I believe that in first grade writing is as equally imp ortant as reading. Students are reading to write and writing to read. Reading and writing are interdependent to each other and the success of leaning this is very beneficial for students. Teachers need to know that in order for students to develop strong literacy skills, they need to combine reading and writing instruction and create reading and writing activities. Lesson Plan Objective: When given a writing prompt, students will use the brainstorming process and steps of the writing process to write a story. Participants: 2nd grade students in an inclusion classroom Materials: writing paper, white board or chart tablet paper, marker and writing utensils. Steps: The teacher tells the students they are going to learn a new strategy today called brainstorming. The teacher provides the students with more details on the brainstorming process including the rules and guidelines of using this process. The teacher will remind the students that brainstorming is done in the planning stage of the writing process. The teacher models the strategy for the students following all the steps and providing plenty of examples on this strategy. The teacher asks the students for feedback of the process and answers students questions. The teacher will then break up the students in groups of 4 to practice this strategy. The teacher will make one person from the group a leader and another person the secretary. The leaders role is to make sure the group stays on topic and everyone is participating. The secretarys role is to write down ideas the group is providing. The teacher reminds the students that the guidelines are to rule out critical judgment, eccentric ideas are encouraged, a large quantity of ideas are preferred, and that they should build on one anothers ideas. The teacher provides the students with a practice prompt to allow them to practice this strategy. This also allows them to experiment with the process and ask questions they may have now that they are practicing the strategy. After 15 minutes of practicing the teacher calls the students back to the carpet to talk about what they experienced and to try to fix any problems that might have come up as they were working together. The teacher then gives the students the prompt that they will be writing for their composition: Pretend you are visiting Santas workshop the week before Christmas. Write a story to your friends describing what the workshop is like. Make sure you provide details of things you saw, people you met, things you ate, and what you did during your adventure. Remember to start your story with an exciting topic sentence to captivate the attention of your friends. Dont forget to use beginning, middle, and end in your story as well as plenty of adjectives. Check your writing for correct grammar, punctuation, and capitalization. Use the editing checklist to help you with your writing. The teacher separates the students back into their groups and ask them to brainstorm ideas that can be used with this prompt. The teacher leaves the prompt on the board to allow students to refer to it as they are coming up with their ideas. Once again the students are reassigned to their roles of leaders and secretaries. The students are given 20 min to come up with ideas. After 20 minutes, the students come together to the carpet to report their ideas. Each group states their ideas as the teacher writes them down on a chart paper. After all the groups have said their ideas, the teacher reviews all the ideas from the chart paper. The chart paper is displayed throughout the writing process so students can refer to it as needed. The teacher reviews the rest of the writing process stages: planning, drafting, revising and editing, and the final draft. The teacher also reviews the rubric that will be used to grade their stories. The teacher provides the students with examples and non examples on ways to receive a 4 on their writing. The students go back to their desk and for the next four days work on the completion of their composition. The students are given a self check and peer editing checklist to use during the revising and editing process. After they have completed their composition the teacher asks for volunteers to present their stories in the authors chair. Evaluation: The students will be evaluated using a writing rubric. Writing Checklist Authors Name: _________________ Title of Work: _________________ Peers Name: ___________________ Directions: Use this checklist to check over your paper. Mark the column with a Æ’Â ¼ after you have checked the paper carefully. Then have a peer complete the Peer Editor column and mark the column with a Æ’Â ¼ as they check your paper. Author Peer Editor Checklist Items  Ã‚ ±  Ã‚ ± Is the prompt followed correctly?  Ã‚ ±  Ã‚ ± Does the writing make sense?  Ã‚ ±  Ã‚ ± Does the paper have complete sentences?  Ã‚ ±  Ã‚ ± Do sentences start with a capital letter?  Ã‚ ±  Ã‚ ± Are proper nouns capitalized?  Ã‚ ±  Ã‚ ± Do sentences have ending marks?  Ã‚ ±  Ã‚ ± Are words spelled correctly?

Ancient History of British Isles

The History of the British Isles. Around 3000 years BC many parts of Europe including the British Isles, were inhabited by a people called the Iberians. Some of their descendants are still found in the North of Spain (the Iberia Peninsula). We don't know much about these early people. We can learn something from there skeletons, their weapons. The Iberians used stone weapons and tools. During the period from the 6th to the 3rd century BC, a people called Celts, spread across Europe from the East to the West. During the iron age the Celtic tribes invaded Britain. Celtic tribes called the Picts and the Scots inhabited the north of the country. The Britons a powerful Celtic tribe held most of the country and gave the name to the islands and to the country later. The Iberians were weak to fight back the attacks of Celts who had metal weapons. Most of the Iberians were killed driven into the mountains or mixed with the Celts. The Celts didn't write down any events. The Greeks were the first to mention the British Isles. In the 1st century BC when the Romans came to Britain the Celts lived in tribes and obeyed chiefs. They had no towns, the cultivated crops, wore woden clothes, kept large herds of cattle and sheep. So they lived under the primitive system. Nowadays the descendants of Celts live on the territory of the British Isles. The Welsh, who live in Wales care of Celtic origin. They speak Welsh a Celtic language. The Roman conquest of Britain In 55 BC the Roman army invaded Britain, but the Celts bravely resisted their attack. Only 100 years later in 43 AD the Roman army conquered the South-East of Britain. Other parts of Britain were taken during the next 40 years. The Romans were unable to conquer the hilly districts of the West and Scottish highlands. The Romans built towns, willas, public baths, and stone roads. Together, with a high civilization, the Romans brought slavery to the British Isles. The noble Celts adopted the way of life of the Romans. They lived in rich houses, dressed as the Romans, and spoken Latin. But common people spoke their native Celtic languages. The Romans stayed in Britain for about 4 centuries and during that time Britain was Roman province governed by Roman governors. At the end of the 4th century the Romans left Britain to defend the continental provinces from the attacks of the Germanic tribes. Many things in Britain remind us of the Romans. The wells dug by the Romans, still give water today. The ruins of public baths, parts of the Roman bridges, the chief roman roads can still be found all over Britain. Many words of modern English have come from Latin. The Anglo-Saxon conquest of Britain From the middle of the 5th century the Germanic tribes: the Angles, the Guts, and the Saxon began to attack Britain. By the beginning of the 7th century the Germanic tribes had conquered the greater part of Britain and several kingdoms had been formed on the territory of Britain conquers by the Germanic tribes. The new conquers brought new changes. They disliked towns, they destroyed the beautiful buildings, bridges, roads. Many of the Celts were killed or made slaves. The Anglo-Saxons made up the majority of the population in Britain. Their customs, religion and languages became predominant. At the end of the 8th century another branch of Germanic people began to attack Britain. They were the Danes. They were pagans and still lived in tribes. At that time there were several separate Anglo-Saxon kingdoms on the territory of the British Isles. They constantly fought among themselves, and, so became an easy target for the invaders. The Danes were well-armed and had a good fleet. So they conquered Britain. But at the end of 9th century King Alfred the Great united and headed some of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms with the center in Wessex.

Racism within football/Soccer Essay

As A glory hunter I support Middlesbrough.Admittadly not the greatest club in the Premier League.I take any victories and cup excursions with open arms.One such occasion was when they rose to the dizzy heights of the Zenith Data final at Wembley.Having travelled from Germany all night I was more than happy to be drinking in the pubs near the ground.I eventually started to talk to a group of Chelsea fans,it quickly became clear that they were racist in their attitude to any player who was Black and would not cheer if any Black player for Chelsea scored† ?I asked them what they would do if they were in a European Cup final and it was a Black player who scored the winning goal or even a hat trick† ? â€Å"No† was the reply  Ã¢â‚¬Å"we would just sit in our seats and do nothing â€Å"I couldn’t believe it.I finished my drink and left the pub.If I was honest I couldn’t believe their bigoted attitude. I found it especially hard as at the time as I had just finished an active service tour of Northern Ireland where I had served along side Black people who I had worked closely with.I often wonder what those hypocrites would make of the present Chelsea team, full of very talented Black players.No doubt Chelsea are a better because of these players who have raised the clubs game and profile within England and Europe. Therefore to study football and how racism it and it’s affect upon society was an opportunity too good to be missed. An obvious starting point would be to define racism ? It be divided into three categories overt,institututional and covert. Black players within the game are routinely subject to overt racism at games (Gruneau,.(1999).Although not as frequently, they and their families can still be subjected to covert racism.In recent times institutional racism has never been far from the public eye especially in light of the Stephen Lawrence enquiry about his murder and the subsequent investigation that followed which was dogged by institutional racism (MacPherson,1999).Football and the structure of the game would also appear to being affected by institutional racism.There are very few Black coaches and managers being employed. Indeed what are the sociological effects this is having and how are these theories affecting the game of football ? Whilst it could be debated that football is autonomous it still has had to acknowledge the presence of racism.UEFA,Fiffa, along with respective F.A’s in the British Isles have sought to address this problem with campaigns e.g. ‘Football Unites Racism Divides’ and ‘Show racism The Red Card’. However football may be unwittingly providing an arena for any resentment and alienation that exists within communities.This behaviour is then displayed at matches.Although it would be hard to justify any racial behaviour of a player *Bowyer & Woodgate* .But what are the UEFA, Fiffa and the respective F.A’s doing in order to combat this problem ?Whilst it is an aim of this paper to acknowledge schemes that have been put in place to eradicate racism If we evaluate the success if any of schemes that have been run by UEFA, Fiffa and the F.A’s. we can see in recent events as those that took place at Sunderland in April 2003 these schemes are having little or no affect The game of football has changed.Clubs are now run as PLC’s (Public Limited Companies) they are heavily reliant on the support of sponsors and television rights to games.It could be suggested that these companies need to look at their responsibility towards their morale obligation of ridding the game of racism. *Bowyer & Woodgate* Sarfraz Najeib.Najeib along with his brother Shahzad and three friends, then students at Leeds Metropolitan University had been attending the the Majestyk night-club club when on leaving the club an argument took place with the then Leeds United player Jonathan Woodgate and Lee Bowyer.Bowyer was cleared of attacking student while Woodgate received 100 hours’ community service for affray. Little has been done by these companies to promote or forward any anti-racist programmes. Television companies appear willing to manipulate the fixture list for T.V. scheduling but are not willing to accept that there is a problem with racist behaviour. Consequently it is the intention of this paper in its it final section to propose a financial strategy that could be used to tackle the problem of racism within football. The British public has always had an affinity with the game of football.It has evolved and changed from ‘no rules’ to pre-war modern image onto a post-modern multi Million pound industry.High transfer fees and high wages are the norm.All seater stadiums especially in the Premier League better facilities and better standards are now expected. Satellite broadcasting reaches out to a larger audience than ever before with Sky paying in excess of  £1.2 Billion pounds for the rights.Terrestial T.V has also been engaged in this battle,culminating in the BBC losing a Saturday night national institution’Match Of The Day’. I.T.V now presents a polished and stylish programme for the fans along with a Black pundit and a female presenter,unheard of in previous decades (Giulonotti,1999). Broadsheet newspapers now actively report about football at great length.This domain was primarily reserved to the tabloid press and low quality magazines. Stadiums have changed for a number of reasons e.g. the Taylor Report 1995 after Hillsborough.The disasters at Bradford and Hysel forced governing football agencies to evaluate the structure of stadiums and the fans that attended these stadiums.These changes have attracted different fans Evidence to support this can be seen in the growth of executive boxes at football grounds (Greenfield, & Osborn,2001).Working class fans now regularly mix with the middle class. No longer is the primary class of fans attending the game working class. Racism is an easy term to use term.However it can and does have far reaching affects in society. There appears to be many definitions of the term although all these definitions arguably mean the same thing. Racism can be defined as a specific form of discrimination usually based on skin colour or membership of a minority ethnic group. It’s a system of group dominance. This system is both structural and ideological. That is, it  embodies political, economic, and socio-cultural structures of inequality. It involves processes and practices of exclusion, oppression and marginalisation, as well as stereotypes and symbols required by these structures and processes (Gilroy,1995).Within this process there are three sub forms of racism,overt,covert and and institutional.Overt racism can be seen as something violent, even thuggish.It can be displayed through violent behavior,threats to the person and even through demonstrations and political parties.However some political parties e.g. the British National Party (B.N.P) are no strangers to overt and covert racism.Covert racism seeing a rise in popularity i.e. people nowadays are reluctant to express openly their dislike of and contempt fo r minorities, indeed they are not prepared to express publicly a sentiment that could be interpreted as racist. Racism (Gilroy,1995). Institutional racism has been defined as ordinary people going about their normal day to day business but producing outcomes that are disadvantageous to Black and ethnic minority groups.This form of racism can have catastrophic effects with regard to accommodation/housing, health and education leading to poor results for students (Cashmore, & McLaughlin, 1991).Whilst this example is related to racism within the state aparetus,a clear definition can be given by examining the Police and the ‘McPherson Report’Mcpherson reported that the Police was Institutional racist.This was protrayed in their investigations of racially motivated crime.A procedure known as ‘stop and search’.Routinly carried out against Black people. In short the very essance in which the Police went about their duties was institutional racist to people from ethnic minoroties.In the report he comments â€Å"Unwitting racism can arise because of lack of understanding, ignorance or mistaken beliefs. It can arise from well intentioned but patronising words or actions. It can arise from unfamiliarity with the behaviour or cultural traditions of people or families from minority ethnic communities. It can arise from racist stereotyping of black people as potential criminals or troublemakers. Often this arises out of uncritical self-understanding born out of an inflexible police ethos of the â€Å"traditional† way of doing things. Furthermore such attitudes can thrive in a tightly knit community, so that there can be a collective failure to detect and to outlaw this breed of racism. The police canteen can too easily be its breeding ground†( http://www.archive.official). With these definitions of racism established we can now examine why are there so few Black players within the game as a whole.Foot ball employs only 20% of Black players (Black ,2001).Whilst there are no figures for players with an Asian or Oriental background it would be fair to argue that these players are even fewer and at best token gestures.With only 1% of black people watching the game (holmes,2003.Appendix).This problem is not just confined to Football in Great Britain. If we look at America and the game of basketball we can see that for a long time they suffered same problem.Jay Coakley argues the reason why Black people were under-represented within coaching and management, was because of strong prejudices emanating from owners of clubs.These prejudices were founded in the belief that unless the Black coach or player make a dramatic impact upon their arrival they were doomed to failure.Coakley also adds that there was a strong stereotypical myth perpetrated by white people about Blacks, that there are â€Å"inferior intellectually† (Coakley,2001:301).While these beliefs are unfounded Coakley does however go onto argue : â€Å"that these barriers no longer exist, although it would be difficult to conclude that race and skin colour have become irrelevant† â€Å"(Coakley,2001:301). Therefore an argument may exist that these problems which America experienced we too are now experiencing ? Therefore Football has to tackle these problems and eradicate them in order to open the game out to a larger audience. UEFA Chief Executive Gerhard Aigner recently commented that racism was â€Å"an evil and a poison† (Uefa.com).In a recent conference held by UEFA at Stamford Bridge Chelsea.Aigner also commented that â€Å"We have to be prepared to reflect our duty.We have to to tackle racism, xenophobia and other forms of discrimination and hatred.† (uefa.com)Whilst in the conference acknowledgement was given to f.a.r.e {Football Against Racism in Europe},there was also an acknowledgement that there is still much left to do in order to tackle some of the root causes.Within the British Isles there appears to be a multi-pronged attack on racism by the English,Scottish,Welsh and Irish F.A.s with the administration of Football Unites Racism Divides {f.u.r.d} and Show Racism The Red Card {s.r.t.r.c}. S.r.t.c aim is to â€Å"combat racism through anti-racist education and professional footballers are showing the way in terms of making a stand and fighting racism†(srtrc.org). A member of f.a.r.e it targets school children as it’s audience and with the distribution of leaflets at football matches it seeks to capture a wider audience.It can count on the support of Sir Bobby Robson,Bryan Robson,Ian Wright,Gary Linekar amongst it’s supporters some of the most respected names in football.F.u.r.d seeks a more captive audience†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Children. F.u.r.d â€Å"believes that football, as the world’s most popular game, can help bring people together – people from different backgrounds, to play, watch and enjoy the game, and to break down barriers created by ignorance or prejudice†. (furd.org).F.I.F.A in July 2001 put in place a fourteen point plan to tackle the problem.Amongst it’s recommendation was that there has to be an acceptance of r esponsibility amongst all those connected with the game to try and eradicate the game of racism.This is interesting only for the reason this is in direct contravention to one of F.I.F.A.s rules about international school children playing football together. FIFA have a regulation which bans foreign kids from playing with English kids.Chapter IV, article 12 of the FIFA Regulations governing the status and transfer of players (pressbox.co.uk) The Mixer Soccer Academy, a full time private football academy in Dorset which attracts junior soccer stars from all over the globe, have a situation where their foreign students, playing and training football alongside English students all week, all year, are not allowed to play football with them at the weekend because the local Dorset FA. will not allow them to sign the appropriate forms and thereby allow them to play with the English kids. Perhaps if F.I.F. A revised their 2001 ethos and brought it up to date with other initives being run in Europe there would not be this contradiction in terms ?Giulianotti argues that whilst these schemes are important they are fundamentally flawed in their belief that all racists who attend the game belong to some political right wing extremist group or a hooligan group.Not so many hooligan groups contain Black people.Giulianotti argues powerfully  that â€Å"this smug belief therefore removes the real from this type of behaviour†. (Giulianotti,1999 :163).When it is clearly not the case as he cites the first game played by John Barnes the first Black player for Liverpool who was taunted with racist crowd chant’s throughout the game. So how can we move forward.What I am about to present to you is not the holy grail of anti racist behaviour.Whilst there was an acknowledgement in the paragraph above about F.I.F.A.s short comings there was a chink of light in their fourteen point plan that may provide the foundation to the problem.F.I.F.A stated that it â€Å"requires the media to strongly condemn all acts of racist behaviour or declarations by any persons or groups, and to refrain from reporting such behaviour or declarations in a manner that may serve to provoke confrontation, and calls upon football websites (including those of clubs and national associations) to incorporate prominent anti-racism messages on their home-pages†(fifa.org). Let us take this a step further.Sky Sports pays the Premier League  £1.2 Billion pounds for the right to screen football.This money sees little light outside the Premier League if any at all. £2 Billion can be placed into an independent scehme,designed to target racism.This will provide a pro active starting point to tackling some of the root causes of racism within football. Within this target : All clubs MUST participate in this scheme. Packages that tackle the key issues of racism. Better training for stewards. Actively seek to promote an anti-racist culture within the club and stands. Accountability. Actively seek to employ players at playing and coaching levels from an  ethnic background. The scheme has to be independent of the clubs.Primarily ran by elected members.These members must have no connection with a club or T.V.companies in any capacity. They would be given the power to award grants in order to aid clubs combat racism.Bonus payments could be made for meeting their set targets.But also the power has to be given to the panel in order to fine clubs that have failed to meet any basic level set.Nothing radical or complicated in this proposed package.These key points have to be implemented at all levels and everywhere in the club.You could be forgiven for thinking that all clubs actively employ this code of practice. Wrong.Richie Moran comments about racism within football.He comments that he was insulted and abused about everything from the colour of his skin to his hair style.This abuse was not only from the fans but it was equally directed from his fellow team mates.Consequently he left the game because of this abuse (Garlan,Malclom & Rowe,2000). You could also be forgiven for thinking this is an isolated case it would never happen now,Clubs are more aware and are actively seeking to promote an Anti-Racist ethos ? Wrong.During the compiling of this paper letters were sent to the following clubs{ appendix} Bradford, Oldham, Middlesborough, Sheffield United all disturbingly failed to reply to letters sent to them.Burnley were also contacted, they replied to the letter but were to busy to enclose any literature !{ appendix}Sunderland however were different. They were more than happy to distribute information about why and how they actively tackle racism at the Stadium Of Light.Sunderland do seem to have a pro-active attitude towards stamping out racism within football therefore it seems ironic.In the recent European qualifying match at the stadium Of Light there game was marred by violenceAmong those held were 25 individuals known to be associated with hooligan elements of Sunderland and Newcastle football clubs Police said no Turkish fans were arrested as a result of the match, which England won 2-0. The match had been given a high police priority, with around 1,000 officers on duty to prevent trouble between England fans and 5,000 Turkish supporters. At the height of the violence bottles, car wheel trims and bar stools were thrown at police. Superintendent Jim Campbell, of Northumbria Police, said â€Å"the policing of the event had been successful†! (www.bbc.) Football has changed.From it’s origins of ‘no rules’ to a modern post war image and then now into its present post-modern image.High transfer fees, high ticket prices and high wages have changed the game.Although argumentative there is a belief that the game has drifted away from it’s working class origins into a more middle class audience.Stadiums are more modern, they had to change.’Italia 90†² saw little or no hooliganism. Together with a good run for the English team helped promote a positive image of the game in the U.K. Satellite television has helped changed the environment by which football is viewed.However whilst the officials stand and pat themselves on the back they are becoming guilty of complacancy.We have still not rid the game of racism.Evidence from the England game against Turkey has shown it.As A consequence critics would argue that the English F.A got off lightly with a fine and not having to play the next home qualifying gam e against Slovakia behind closed doors at Middlesborough. Footballers their families and friends regularly suffer from the three forms of racism as set out in this paper covert,institutional and overt racism happen on a regular basis.Poor job prospects for managers and coaches and taunts from players and fans are common place.Fiffa,Uefa and the respective F.A.s are right to acknowledge this problem.However it would appear actions are short in their forth coming and it is nothing more than lip service.Fiffa almost got it right in their 2001 proposals when they said the media and other agencies have a duty to respond to racism.In order to survive clubs are dependant upon the large amount of income that television rights generate. Television companies have influence within the corridors of football.Why therefore can they not influence clubs to make a more aggressive stand towards racism ?By not taking an aggressive stand towards racism within the game, the television companies are condoning racism. It may be because they fear it is an issue too large to tackle on their own. Therefore they have to realise they are not alone in this stand.Simply by sticking their heads in the sand and not acknowledging they have power and the responsibility to take the appropiate action, they are allowing the biggots to go unchallanged and prosper un-hinderd.Admittadly it is hard for any fan to confront a person(s) using racist language,but there are phone and text lines which they can use at the match to inform stewards and the  police.Why not write a letter to the club alerting them to this issue. Ultimately however the responsibility lies with the fan and society for this behaviour and it’s eradication from the game. Certain sections of our society are happy to abuse someone because they are Black and playing for the opposition. Surely as a modern society this cannot be right ? BIBLIOGRAPHY. Coakley,J.(2001).Sport In Society.McGraw-Hill International Cashmore,E & McLaughlin,E.(1991) Out Of Order Policing Black People.Routledge. Garland,J,Malcolm,D & Rowe,M. (2000).The Future of Football.Frank Cass Gilroy,P.(1995) There Ain’t No Black In The Union Jack Routledge Giulianotti,R.(1999) Football : A Sociology Of The Global Game Polity Press. Greenfield,S & Osborn,G.(2001) Regulating Football.Pluto Press. Gruneau,R.(1999) Class,Sports And Social Development.Human Kinetics. Kirk, B.M.(1996) A Simple Matter Of Black and White ? Avebury. The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry.(March 1999). H.M.S.O. INTERNET. http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm42/4262/sli-06.htm#6.6 http://www.uefa.com/uefa/aboutuefa/Communications/index.html http://www.fiffa.com/ www.the-fa.org/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2820125.stm www.pressbox.co.uk/Detailed/68011.html http://www.srtc.org/srtrc.htm http://wwwfurd.org/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2911623.stm NEWSPAPERS. Black,L (Dec18th,2001).One of The Lads.The Guardian.

Eric Williams Thesis on Capitalism and Slavery and...

ERIC WILLIAMS THESIS ON CAPITALISM AND SLAVERY AND ARGUMENTS MADE FOR AND AGAINST THE THESIS. Many historians justify that the evolving of the industrial revolution was based on slavery and mainly the triangular trade. The triangular trade was the route taken by Europeans to transport goods to Africa in exchange for slaves to be taken to the Americans. The triangular trade was seen as the first system of global commerce which linked Britain, Africa and the Americans. The most important colonies for the sugar growth were West Indies islands. During the 17th and the 18th century Dutch settlers in Brazil had perfected their sugar cultivation at the same time the triangular trade was taking place between America, Britain and Africa. As the†¦show more content†¦These were industries that came about after industries prospered and demand was high. The metallurgical industries were mainly to produce fetters, chains and padlocks to lock the slaves securely on the slave ships so as to prevent mutiny and suicide . Williams’s thesis has gained some critics over the years. David Richardson said that the thesis is presented broadly and in sweeping terms . He continues by demonstrating that Williams failed to justify profits being made came from the sugar trade only or it was a combination of the triangular trade and bilateral colonial traders . Two historians McCloskey and Thomas conclude that the probability of trade being the horse power of growth before is in the eighteenth century is low. He also says that the profit levels given by authors such as William Darity are unrealistic and that the return from the slaves was less than 10 percent. 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